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Amnesties
Amnesties are widely used in peace agreements and peace negotiations to enable armed actors to participate in a new political settlement. They are conducive to peace because they enable all groups to be included in the political settlement.
75 per cent of amnesties adopted 75% since 1990 related to conflict
49 per cent of comprehensive peace agreements adopted in the same period provided for amnesty
83 per cent of peace agreement amnesty commitments were implemented
Amnesties, including for serious crimes, are included in peace agreements, despite international law and human rights principles which limit their use. However, often amnesties are provided alongside measures for accountability, rather than in opposition to them.
208 peace agreements provide for various forms of amnesty
55 agreements provide for amnesty alongside provision for judicial and/or non-judicial accountability mechanisms
Legal obligations of the state:
1
The obligation to investigate what happened and who was responsible
2
The obligation to prosecute those responsible
3
The obligation to provide remedies for victims
4
The obligation to prevent the recurrence of the crimes and abuses
5
The obligation to ensure the effective protection of human rights for the future
Members of non-state armed groups are most likely to benefit from conflict-related amnesties. This points to their use as a tool of inclusion, in a context where state actors are often less likely to have been imprisoned by the state during conflict.
This trend holds true for all phases from conflict to peace. In contrast, state actors benefited from 72 (25%) of the 289 conflict-related amnesties and of these only 14 (5%) applied exclusively to state actors.
Amnesties given to rebel groups to induce them to end conflict are most often conditional on matters such as truth-telling, or remaining committed to non-violence.
Case study
For example, in Timor-Leste, UNTAET Regulation 2001/10, which established of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation created a Community Reconciliation Process (CRP), which could recommend amnesty for less serious offences provided that the amnesty applicant complied with the following provisions:
The Commission may undertake a Community Reconciliation Process only in cases where a person has made an admission of responsibility based on a full appreciation of the nature and consequences of such admission and has voluntarily requested to participate in a Community Reconciliation Process (Section 22.4, emphasis added).
Under Section 23.1, the person requesting to participate in the Community Reconciliation Process is required to submit a written statement describing and admitting responsibility for their acts, explaining how the acts were connected to the political conflicts in Timor Leste, and renouncing ‘the use of violence to achieve political objectives’.
If the truth commission determines that the person is eligible to take part in a CRP, provided that the person participates fully and no credible evidence of their involvement in serious crimes comes to light, according to Section 27.7, after the hearing the CRP Panel shall deliberate upon the act of reconciliation which it considers most appropriate for the Deponent and inform the Deponent of the outcome of their deliberations. The act of reconciliation may include:
community service,
reparation;
public apology; and/or
other act of contrition.
The participant in the process then has to agree in writing to undertake the act of reconciliation. Prosecution for the acts disclosed in the CRP will then be stayed, unless the person does not comply with the terms of the reconciliation agreement.
Amnesties can be limited by: limiting crimes covered, making them conditional (for example on supporting peace), and in their legal effects.
Recommendations
Rather than viewing amnesties as ‘good’ or ‘bad’, they should be assessed on their scope, their legality, their democratic legitimacy and their feasibility.
Amnesties are more legitimate the more their:
- Application is specifically tied to particular categories of crime and time periods relating to the conflict.
- Provisions are set out in legislation
- Terms have been designed and passed by democratic bodies
- Application in practice is feasible
Broad illegitimate amnesties are most often enacted after the peace agreement has been signed and outside its framework: post- agreement vigilance should be exercised.
Amnesties enacted in this period are among those offering the broadest impunity. Similarly, the risk of broader impunity rises when amnesty benefits state actors.
References
See publications at: www.politicalsettlements.org/publications-database
In particular: Mallinder, L. (2018). Amnesties and Inclusive Political Settlements (PA-X Report, Transitional Justice Series) Edinburgh: Global Justice Academy, University of Edinburgh.
www.politicalsettlements.org/publications-database/amnesties-and-inclusive-political-settlements/
www.politicalsettlements.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/2018_Mallinder_Amnesties-Report.pdf
The PSRP is funded by DFID UK Aid for the alleviation of poverty, who accept no liability for the content.
Attribution
Timor-Leste map 'LocationEastTimor.svg' originally by Rei-artur pt en Rei-artur blog [CC BY-SA]
